The Baroque: Step Beyond

As Hellenism followed Classical Greek style, so the Baroque follows the Renaissance Renaissance. The word baroque can designate “art of any time or place that shows the qualities of vigorous movement and emotional intensity.” In terms of art history, it specifies 17th Century art especially in Italy, which displays “overt rhetoric and dynamic movement” (Baroque). Baroque painters moved biblical images emphatically into the often sordid environment of gritty Roman streets and cultivated dramatic extremes of emotion.

Caravaggio, the Pope’s Bad Boy

Caravaggio was an unstable, violent man who lived in a violent age. His life story, his image as a rebel against conservative values, and the powerful immediacy of his art have made him by far the best-known Italian 17th-century painter. … He was one of the greatest painters ever to have found new ways of reinventing images of Christian feeling (Langdon).

Caravaggio was as famous for his bad boy lifestyle as for his paintings. Yet his sordid life experience powered religious art that fearlessly explored the flashpoint of sin and grace. His gritty biblical scenes are vividly set in the mean streets of Rome. In Calling of St. Matthew, the tax collector disciple (Matthew 9.9) is called away from a gambling  table in a Roman tavern.

The Calling of Saint Matthew. (1599-1600). Oil on Canvas. The Incredulity of Saint Thomas. (ca. 1601-1602). Oil on Canvas. David & Head of Goliath. (1610). Oil on Canvas.
Despite or perhaps because of his experiences of vice, Caravaggio captures the complexities of faith. His Incredulity of Saint Thomas humanizes a moment in the apostle’s life all too often dismissed for faithlessness. John’s gospel tells us that Thomas, absent for Jesus’ appearance to the brethren (John 20.24–29). As might many of us, Thomas doubts the story:

John 20.24–29

“Unless I see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe.” A week later his disciples were in the house again, and Thomas was with them. Though the doors were locked, Jesus came and stood among them and said, “Peace be with you!” Then he said to Thomas, “Put your finger here; see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it into my side. Stop doubting and believe.” Thomas said to him, “My Lord and my God!”

The apostle is all too often dismissed as “Doubting Thomas.” Caravaggio’s Thomas, however, is all too human, probing Christ’s living tissues beneath a furrowed brow that intensely seeks truth. Doubt, faith’s other side, engenders an intimate encounter with the incarnate Lord. Caravaggio’s life was steeped in humanity fallibility. After killing a man in a street brawl, Caravaggio was banished from Rome. For years he beseeched the Pope for pardon. As an act of penance, he painted his own face on the head of Goliath held aloft by David. Caravaggio knew how to invest himself in his work!

Caravaggio is particularly renowned for the intense contrasts in his paintings between light and shadow. The term Chiaroscuro has been “used to describe the effects of light and dark in a work of art, particularly when they are strongly contrasting” (Chiaroscuro). Chiaroscuro can be seen in Renaissance works, e.g. Leonardo’s e.g. Virgin of the Rocks, and would feature in artistic media for centuries. In the 1960s, French film theory coined the term Film Noir to describe a cinematic genre found in German Expressionism, French post-war cinema, and Hollywood cinematography of the 1930s and 1940s that used intense contrast between light and shadow for thematic effect. Consider the intensity of the chiaroscuro in Caravaggio’s pieces above.

Dutch Masters

In the 17th Century, the Netherlands commanded the greatest trading fleet and wealthiest trading colonies on earth. Dutch and Flemish merchants patronized some of the most accomplished painters in Europe. While the Italian Baroque was “associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation,” the Dutch Baroque reflected the Netherlands’ militantly Protestant perspective. Reformed churches repudiated the Catholic veneration of saints, so the Dutch masters focused on contemporary scenes and quiet, domestic scenes  (Baroque).

Johannes Vermeer

Johannes (Jan) Vermeer

In the central part of his career … Vermeer painted those serene and harmonious images of domestic life [known] for their beauty of composition, brushwork, and treatment of light. … The majority show one or two figures in a room lit from the onlooker’s left, engaged in domestic or recreational tasks. The predominant colors are yellow, blue, and grey, arranged in flawlessly cool harmonies, and the compositions have a purity and dignity (Vermeer, Jan).

Vermeer was fascinated by apparently insignificant moments of domestic life. Here, a housewife stands at a window, reading a letter. As is normative in Vermeer’s work, a window in the upper left lights the scene, which is framed by the wall and a curtain.

Woman reading a letter at window.(ca. 1659). Oil on canvas. The Milkmaid(1660).Oil, canvas Girl with a Pearl Earring. (1665). Oil on canvas.

Vermeer’s famous painting of The Milkmaid commemorates, not the wealthy homeowner, but a serving woman at her daily chores. The woman is lit from the upper left. Textures of dress, food, and pouring milk are exquisitely rendered and enriched by vibrant, ultramarine blues. In the famous Girl with a Pear Earring, however, the light source is not depicted, although the play of light is carefully delineated. The black background sets off subtle gradations of color and a face expressive of serene personality.

Rembrandt van Rijn

It is not only the quality of Rembrandt’s work that sets him apart from all his Dutch contemporaries, but also its range. Although portraits and religious works bulk largest in his output, he made highly original contributions to other genres, including still-life (The Slaughtered Ox (Rembrandt).

In Rembrandt, we see a powerful culmination of the developments emerging from the Renaissance. The brushwork. The Chiaroscuro. The Linear Perspective. The Foreshortening. And the dramatic intensity that emerged during the Baroque era. There is much to say, for example, about the Storm on the Sea of Galilee, and we will return to it. The scene dramatizes (!) the incident remembered in Matthew 8, Mark 4, and Luke 8 in which Jesus calms a storm terrifying His disciples.  Notice how Rembrandt uses zones of light to bring salvation to the men trapped in the darkness of the sea as a destructive element.

Storm on Sea of Galilee. (1633). Oil on canvas  Slaughtered Ox. (1655). Oil on Panel.  The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch, AKA The Night Watch. (1642). Oil on canvas.

Fascinated as many painters have been with anatomy, Rembrandt transforms the genre of Still life by picturing the carcass of a slaughtered ox. Rembrandt’s masterpiece, “so discolored with dirty varnish that it looked like a night scene,” was long mislabeled The Night Watch.  The painting, over 12 by 14 feet, “showed remarkable originality in making a pictorial drama out of an insignificant event,” the mustering of a company of militia. The great canvas repays long study: “[subordinating] individual portraits to the demands of the composition,” Rembrandt injects an overflowing barrel of life into the scene, dozens of figures, prominent and obscure, caught in individual moments of drama.

References

Baroque. (2004). [Article]. In I. Chilvers , (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press.  http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.bethel.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780198604761.001.0001/acref-9780198604761-e-269.

Caravaggio, M. (1599-1600). The Calling of Saint Matthew  [Painting]. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/SCALA_ARCHIVES_1039614343.

Caravaggio, M. (1609-1610). David with the Head of Goliath [Painting]. Rome: Galleria Borghese.  ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000467199.

Caravaggio, M. (ca. 1601-1602). The Incredulity of Saint Thomas [Painting]. Potsdam, Germany: The New Palace.  ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/AIC_880031.

Langdon, A. (2001). Caravaggio. In Brigstocke, H (Ed.), The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Oxford University Press,.  http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.bethel.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001/acref-9780198662037-e-464.

Rembrandt. (1642). The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch, known as The Night Watch. [Painting]. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum.  ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/ARIJKMUSEUMIG_10313629310.

Rembrandt. (1661). Self-portrait with palette and brushes. London, UK: Iveagh Bequest, Kenwood. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000702900.

Rembrandt. (1633). Storm on Sea of Galilee [Painting]. Boston, MA: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. Stolen—whereabouts unknown.  ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000427318.

Rembrandt. (1655). Slaughtered Ox [Painting]. Paris, France: Musée du Louvre. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/LESSING_ART_10310119770.

Rembrandt. (2004). [Article]. In I. Chilvers   (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press.  http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.bethel.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780198604761.001.0001/acref-9780198604761-e-2923.

Vermeer, J. (c.1665). Girl with a Pearl Earring [Painting]. The Hague: Mauritshuis. ID 670. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/AWSS35953_35953_30941058.

Vermeer, J. (ca. 1660). The Milkmaid [Painting]. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/ARIJKMUSEUMIG_10313628004.

Vermeer, J. (ca. 1659). Woman reading a letter at the open window [Painting]. Dresden, Germany: GemΣldegalerie.  ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/#/asset/LESSING_ART_10310752061.

Vermeer, Johannes [Article].  (2004).  In I. Chilvers   (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press.  http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.bethel.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780198604761.001.0001/acref-9780198604761-e-3632.

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Encounters With the Arts: Readings for ARTC150 (Previous Version) Copyright © 2020 by Dr. Mark Thorson. All Rights Reserved.

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