4.6 Deconstructing the Image

Montmartre, 1900

In 1900, Montmartre was a semi-rural hill just north of Paris where working people lived, worked, and gathered in taverns and dance halls. A disparate group of artists collaborated there, many living and painting in le Bateaux-Lavoir, a derelict factory space with cheap rent, space for painting but no running water. The artists who lived and worked there and drank in taverns such as the Lapin Agile gave birth to what became known as Modern Art.

Le Bateaux-Lavoir. (c. 1910). Anonymous Photograph

We have seen how Impressionism challenged the Mimetic and ideological values of Academic Art with subjective distortions of the image. As the 20th Century dawned, revolutionary artists in Paris began to radically deconstruct the image or eliminate it altogether.

So buckle your seatbelts. For more than 120 years, people have been shrinking from the challenges of “modern art.” Remember—you are never required to like anything in our class. But let’s try to get a grip on the games that these artists are playing.

Henri Matisse and Fauvism

As is so often the case, the term Fauvism was originally used to by disapproving critics to disparage the savages led by Henri Matisse:

Fauvism

a movement … based on the use of intensely vivid, non-naturalistic colors. … Henri Matisse used vividly contrasting colors … and came to realize the potential of color freed from its traditional descriptive role. … The Fauves … name was given to them by critic Louis Vauxcelles who pointed to a Renaissance-like sculpture in the middle of the same gallery and exclaimed: “Donatello au milieu des fauves!” (Donatello among the wild beasts). … Fauvist pictures came in for a good deal of mockery and abuse; critic Camille Mauclair … wrote that “A pot of paint has been flung in the face of the public” (Fauvism).

Taking his cue especially from Cézanne, Matisse radically challenged the Renaissance idea that a painting functioned as a window on the world. His famous work, La Danse depicts lively women. But they dance outside of time on a shapeless, dislocated green space. While  depth is inscribed in the dancers’ circle, the rest of the image has been flattened to eliminate linear perspective. Figures are rendered with a few deft sketch lines and sheer colors dominate.

La Danse (first version). (1909).Oil on canvas. (1948). Two Girls, Red and Green Background. Oil on canvas.

Matisse’s Two Girls, Red and Green Background  reinvents the Renaissance Convention of Veduta: interior spaces with windows opening onto distant landscapes. But Matisse has no interest in Linear Perspective. Merely suggested features of the room flatten into an expanse of pure color chosen, not to reflect the natural objects, but for sheer expressive impact. For Matisse, the game is always color, often strange, unnatural, sometimes bilious color, and free flowing, flattened shapes with minimal or no depth.

Picasso and the Fractured Image

Barcelona native Pablo Picasso first visited Paris in 1900, settling for a decade into le Bateaux-Lavoir and poverty. He struggled to find a style that would express his imagination … and sell! Through 1904, during his famous “Blue Period,” Picasso depicted the poor and the outcast in compositions chilled by the coldest hues.

Woman Ironing. (1904). Oil on canvas. La Vie. (1904) Oil on canvas. Old Guitarist. (1904). Oil on panel.

Picasso’s reputation for bewildering visual puzzles scares off many viewers. However, if one looked only at the Blue Period, one might ask what all the fuss was about. The long, lean figures are austere but elegant, quiet celebrations of the lives of the working poor.

But of course Picasso didn’t stop there. Around 1905, he began a year’s work on a large canvas that he showed no one until it was finished. Like many works of art that change the game forever, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon was not received well initially, even by friends and collaborators. The piece challenges us to think hard about what we are seeing.

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. (1907). Oil on canvas.

Some elements of the painting are traditional. The subject matter is straightforward, if a bit sordid: the women of a brothel in Montmartre. Notice the fruit, typical components of a Still Life. The faces of the two central women are drawn in the traditional style of Spanish folk art. But what of those other two faces?

Our first clue lies in the angular, geometric features of ritual masks from African cultures. African art was at the time becoming popular among artists and sophisticated people in Paris and New York. Picasso was fascinated by the way these conventions broke the image of a face into roughly geometrical shapes. He felt liberated to fracture a composition into disparate pieces, reflecting different styles. The features of the lowest face are dramatically stylized and portrayed from multiple perspectives.

Kagle Mask. Dan People. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, detail. Pende Mbuyu (Sickness) Mask. Painted wood, fiber, cloth.

The deconstruction of figures pioneered in Les Demoiselles d’Avignon led Picasso and his close friend Georges Braque into an even more radical form: Cubism. The Cubists pushed to an extreme the ancient Egyptian habit of viewing a subject from multiple viewpoints at once. They fractured elements of the object “into a large number of small, intricately hinged planes that fuse with one another and with the surrounding space” (Cubism). Focused on visual structure, they limited their virtually Monochromatic Color Palette to muted browns or greys.

 
Georges Braque. (1913). Woman with a Guitar. Oil on Canvas. Picasso. (1907). Ma Jolie (Femme a la guitare). Oil on Canvas. Picasso. (1907) Woman in an Armchair. Oil on canvas.

But what is it supposed to be? Cubist compositions like Ma Jolie actually do depict visual subjects, or, at least, fragments of them. They invite the viewer to unpack the puzzle, finding the actual images and playing them against the larger play of color and structure. Can you see the woman or the guitar?

Picasso moved on to experiment more and more daringly with deconstructed images. Woman in an Armchair deconstructs commonplace subjects and reassembles them in a visual game of challenging complexity. Can you play? Remember: the Composition will fuse multiple viewpoints at once. Can you see the facing profiles? The wings of the armchair? Notice how the lines of the trim on the wall create compositional lines that flatten Linear Perspective.

In 1936, Picasso’s native Spain erupted into civil war. The fascist forces of Francisco Franco were heavily supported by Adolf Hitler’s German military. On April 26th, 1937, the Luftwaffe [Air Force of Nazi Germany] bombed the Spanish town of Guernica, killing hundreds, if not thousands, and inspiring perhaps the world’s greatest protest painting: Picasso’s Guernica.

 Guernica. (1939). Oil on Canvas.

Picasso composed Guernica to exorcise his profound distress in reading newspaper articles about the slaughter of his Spanish country men and women. Blacks and grays emulate the tones of newsprint. Picasso uses deconstructive techniques to portray the agony of people, children, and animals dismembered by war. Some of the distorted heads expand like balloons, perhaps suggesting the accusing ghosts of the victims. That bull in the upper left has been the subject of many interpretations. It is probably safe to suggest deep links with the Spanish people who love their bulls and who have endured repeated invasions and civil wars for thousands of years. All seems to be contained in a single room with a lone light bulb telling the tale of the atrocity.

For many years, Guernica was referred to as the greatest painting of the century. Whether or not we “like” it or would enjoy hanging it in our living rooms, it surely has an impact for the patient, the observant, and the thoughtful.

“The Man with the Blue Guitar”

Wallace Stevens,  from “The Man with the Blue Guitar”  (1937)

Wallace Stevens,  from “The Man with the Blue Guitar”  (1937)

I

The man bent over his guitar,
A shearsman of sorts. The day was green.

They said, ‘You have a blue guitar,
You do not play things as they are.’

The man replied, ‘Things as they are
Are changed upon the blue guitar.’

And they said then, ‘But play, you must,
A tune beyond us, yet ourselves,

A tune upon the blue guitar
Of things exactly as they are.

“A tune beyond us, yet ourselves.” Wallace Stevens wrote deeply reflective poems probing boundaries between subjectivity and “reality.” “Notes toward a Supreme Fiction” (1942), explores interfaces between imagination, faith, myth, and art. Stevens was fascinated by the way contemporary artists such as Picasso playfully and provocatively manipulated that boundary. Our excerpt from a long poem poses the challenge faced by audiences who on the one hand want art to take them beyond their reality and on the other become frightened and impatient when they lose touch with what they know.

Surrealism

In 1900, Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams. This watershed work challenged people throughout the world to consider levels of the mind other than consciousness. Freud’s notion of the traumwerke—dreamwork—opened psychology and the arts to deep structures of meaning that found expression in the Surrealist movement:

Surrealism

The central idea was to release the creative powers of the unconscious mind, … “to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality.” It aimed at breaching the dominance of reason and conscious control by releasing primitive urges and imagery. … The movement drew liberally on Freud’s theories concerning the unconscious and its relation to dreams. … Dalí, Magritte, and others painted in a scrupulously detailed manner to give a hallucinatory sense of reality to scenes that make no rational sense (Surrealism).

Salvador Dali’s The Persistence of Memory rather plainly lays out a land and seascape with conventional perspective. The objects are all recognizable. They are also impossible, warped by the twisting effects of dreams.

 The Persistence of Memory. (1931). Oil on canvas. Carl Van Vechten. (1939).
Portrait of Salvador Dali.

So what’s with those drooping clocks? Let your mind play. Clocks, time, dreamwork … subjective time. Remember the title: memory with all of its annoying, distorting persistence. Art is no more of a distortion of “reality” than is our all too human remembered fantasy.

By the way, Dali played a role in a major film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. In Spellbound (1941), Gregory Peck’s character undergoes intensive psychoanalysis. Under hypnosis, he experiences a vivid dream vision. We experience that vision in a dream sequence fusing cinematography, animation, and set design, all composed by Salvador Dali.

Bonus video: Dalí, Salvador. (1945). Dream Sequence. In Alfred Hitchcock’s Spellbound.

Abstract Art

All of which brings us to the supreme moment of art subverting classical conventions. We’ve seen artists distort and deconstruct the visual subject. In 20th Century Abstract art, artists began to ignore altogether the task of depicting a visual subject.

 

Abstract Art

visual art that makes little or no effort to represent any recognizable subject. Abstract art creates a wholly formal design that appeals to purely aesthetic sensibilities

The conceptual seeds of abstract art go back as far as Plato, 2,500 years ago. In the Philebus dialogue, Socrates says “I do not mean by beauty of form such beauty as that of animals and pictures…but straight lines and circles, and the plane or solid figures which are formed out of them … for these I affirm to be … eternally and absolutely beautiful.” The 19th Century English painter Joshua Reynolds wrote,  “the beauty of form alone… makes of itself a great work, and justly claims our esteem and admiration” (Abstract art).

But what is it supposed to be?  Many, many viewers balk at art that represents nothing. If you are skeptical, let me remind you that you enjoy abstract designs in your home every day: Tartan plaids, polka dots, pin stripes, geometrical designs and more in clothing, wallpaper, and furniture coverings. Still, you are free to finally turn away.

Still, give it a try. Bring to bear some of what you have learned about Formal Art Elements: Line, Shape, Form, Color, Composition, Unity, Harmony, Rhythm, Balance. Open yourself to the rich, resonant textures of abstract art. Maybe you’ll enjoy it!

Wassily Kandinski, Pioneer of Abstraction

Wassily Kandinsky’s … coloring became very intense under the influence of Fauvism, and his forms became flatter and more attenuated until they began to lose their representational identity. … [He] described how he came to recognize that color and line in themselves could be sufficient vehicles for the expression of emotions. … He did not completely repudiate representation … but he held that the “pure” artist seeks to express only “inner and essential” feelings. … He argued that if the artist could go beyond the outer shell of appearances he could “touch the beholder’s soul.” Color was a prime means of achieving this goal, for he believed that colors have “a spiritual vibration” that could be linked with “a corresponding vibration in the human soul.” (Kandinsky, Wassily).

Wassily Kandinsky. (1925).  Yellow, Red, Blue. Oil on canvas.

The title of Kaninsky’s Yellow, Red, and Blue suggests a purely formal, abstract composition. And indeed the powerful colors exert their spell along with deftly alternated geometrical and organic shapes and lines. However, I’ll bet you will tend to “see” represented subjects in the design. Even in the most random visual features, our eyes are powerfully inclined to see objects that we recognize. Kandinsky has dramatically shifted the focus away from Representation, but rudimentary visual subjects persist.

Bands of Drenching Color: Mark Rothko

The canvases for which Mark Rothko is famous follow a predictable abstract formula: horizontal bands of color. Yet many people find his work more accessible than other abstracts.

But are they abstracts? Rothko described his paintings as “dramas; the shapes in the pictures are the performers.”

[Rothko] declared “I’m not an abstract artist…I’m not interested in the relationship of color or form or anything else. I’m interested only in expressing basic human emotions—tragedy, ecstasy, doom and so on. And the fact that a lot of people break down and cry when confronted with my pictures shows that I can communicate these basic human emotions…The people who weep before my pictures are having the same religious experience as I had when I painted them” (Rothko, Mark).
Untitled (Black, Red over Black on Red). (1964).Oil on canvas. No.5/No.22. (1964). Oil on canvas.

So what is that brings people to tears in front of pure color and form? In part, surely we respond to the dense, drenching colors, often deep, organic reds. But there is something mesmerizing about those borders, never geometrical, always organic, invariably layered and bleeding. The WikiArt gloss for No. 5/No. 22 explores this visual ambivalence:

The rectangles within this painting do not extend to the edges of the canvas and appear to hover just over its surface. Heightening this sensation is the effect of chromatic afterimage. Staring at each colored segment individually affects the perception of those adjacent to it. The red–orange center of the painting tints the yellow above it with just a bit of green. The yellow above seems to tint the orange with blue.

Blessed Rage for Order:
Piet Mondrian

Before World War I, the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian painted landscapes and seascapes. Then, horrified by the war, he began to cultivate a purely formal, abstract style:

Mondrian limited himself to straight lines and basic colors to create an art of great clarity and discipline that he thought reflected the laws of the universe, revealing immutable realities behind the ever-changing appearances of the world. Typically he used a bold grid of black lines (all completely straight and either strictly horizontal or strictly vertical) to form an asymmetrical network of rectangles of various sizes that were painted with a narrow range of colors (the three primaries—blue, red, and yellow—plus black, white, and initially grey). (Mondrian, Piet)
Piet Mondrian. (1930): Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow.

So what do we have here? Line. Colored rectangles in primary colors. Given a ruler and an elementary paint set, a child could do this, right?

Well, no. The design turns out to be astonishingly complex, an exercise in Composition. Look closely at the lines. They vary in width. Some continue to the edge of the canvas. The vertical line on the left does not, allowing the top left rectangle to open out into unbounded space. Dynamic tension between open and closed spaces always enlivens a Mondrian. Notice as well the Asymmetrical Balance  that matches the large red square diagonally to the smaller blue and vertically with the yellow. Exploring a Mondrian is an exercise in analyzing composition.

Abstract Expressionism: Jackson Pollock

Perhaps the high-water mark of Modernist, Abstract Art emerged in the 1940s: Abstract Expressionism, the first American art movement to achieve international acclaim. Fired by “a spirit of revolt against tradition and a belief in spontaneous freedom of expression,” Abstract Expressionists like Jackson Pollock produced large canvases that glorified the “absolute individuality of the artist” and the “act of painting itself.” Like Rothko, these radical artists painted under the “conviction that abstract painting could convey significant meaning” with audacious paint alone (Abstract Expressionism).

One of the avatars of abstract expressionism was Jackson Pollock:

Jackson Pollock …

is most famous for his pouring technique and for painting his large canvases on the floor using heavily loaded brushes, sticks and turkey-basters to disperse the paint. …. Pollock was not arbitrarily “dripping” paint but was concerned about, and carefully controlling, his painterly effects. … Pollock filled in [some] parts … so the overall aesthetic balance of lights and darks would, as he liked to say, “work.” …One of the hallmarks of most of Pollock’s large-scale works is that the major design elements flow from left to right, as if written out. The left edge of the work … always begins with an elegant pirouette of paint, which then dances across the length of the canvas, until it reaches the terminal right edge (O’Connor).
Number 1 (Lavender Mist). (1950). Oil, enamel, aluminum canvas Number 18. (1950). Oil and enamel on Masonite

Many people are completely put off by the apparent chaos of a Pollock. Anyone can drip paint on a canvas!  Yet standing in front of one of Pollock’s numbered painting is a remarkable experience. One is staggered by the density of visual elements. Globs of paint, bits of string and other materials create in his vast canvases a density of texture impossible to convey in a photograph. Not so random lines, arcs, and daubs of paint constellate, rhythmically repeat, and duel for dominance. If one gives oneself up to the sheer experience of paint, canvas, line, light, dark, color, and especially texture, one can become rapt in a dramatic visual dialogue. We detect no represented subject, but, perhaps because of this, our eyes are absorbed in a stunningly rich encounter.

If you wonder how one could possibly “read” such a painting, explore the O’Connor article  on him. O’Connor provides a fascinating analysis of Pollock’s No. 2  that unlocks the intension and design lying within the apparently chaotic visual elements. You may or may not be persuaded, but hopefully you will begin to see that work like this has great depth and richness.

References

Abstract art [Article]. (2015). In I. Chilvers & J. Glaves-Smith (Ed.s), The Oxford Dictionary of Art.  Oxford University Press.  http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.bethel.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780198604761.001.0001/acref-9780198604761-e-13.

Abstract expressionism [Article]. (2015). In I. Chilvers & J. Glaves-Smith (Ed.s), A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Oxford University Press.  https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191792229.001.0001/acref-9780191792229-e-14.

Braque, G. (Autumn 1913). Woman with a Guitar (Femme à la guitare; La joueuse de guitare; La guitariste; Jeune fille à la mandoline). [Painting]. Paris, France: Musée National d’Art Moderne.   ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/AWSS35953_35953_30936255.

Cubism. (2004). [Article]. In I. Chilvers (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press.  http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.bethel.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780198604761.001.0001/acref-9780198604761-e-949.

Dalí, S. (1931). The Persistence of Memory. [Painting]. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art. ID 79018. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/AMOMA_10312310520.

Dalí, S. (1945). Dream Sequence. Hitchcock, A. [Dir.]. Spellbound [Film] Selznick International Pictures.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyPe1Jahyfo.

Fauvism. (2004). [Article]. In I. Chilvers (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Art.  Oxford University Press.  http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.bethel.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780198604761.001.0001/acref-9780198604761-e-1238.

 “Kagle” Mask. Dan People. (n.d.). Minneapolis, MN: Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Accession number 2011. 70.2.   https://collections.artsmia.org/art/113448/kagle-mask-dan.

Kandinsky, W. (1925). Yellow, Red, Blue [Painting]. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000983229.

Kandinsky, W. [Article]. (2015). In I. Chilvers & J. Glaves-Smith (Ed.s), A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Oxford University Press.  https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191792229.001.0001/acref-9780191792229-e-1348.

Le Bateau-Lavoir [Photograph] (c. 1910). Wikipedia  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateau-Lavoir#/media/File:Le_Bateau-Lavoir,_circa_1910.jpg.

Magritte, R. (1933). The Human Condition [Painting]. Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/AMICO_CL_103803515.

Mondrian, P. (1930). Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow. [Painting]. Zürich, Germany: Zürich Museum of Art. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/LESSING_ART_10310751326.

Mondrian, P. [Article]. (2015). In I. Chilvers & J. Glaves-Smith (Ed.s), A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Oxford University Press.  https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191792229.001.0001/acref-9780191792229-e-1804.

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O’Connor, F. (2011). Pollock, Jackson. In J. Marter (Ed.), The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art. Oxford University Press.  https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195335798.001.0001/acref-9780195335798-e-1623.

Pende people, Zaire. (N. D.). Mbuya (Sickness) Mask. https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/#/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822001426186.

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Picasso, P. (1904). The Old Guitar Guitarist [Painting]. Chicago IL: Art Institute of Chicago. Reference number 1926.253. Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso%27s_Blue_Period.

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Picasso, P. (1904). Woman Ironing [Painting]. New York, NY: Thannhauser Collection, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Accession 78.2514.41. https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/3417.

Picasso, P. (1927). Woman in an armchair [Painting]. Minneapolis, MN: Minneapolis Institute of Art.  https://collections.artsmia.org/art/1517/woman-in-an-armchair-pablo-picasso.

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Pollock, J. (1950). Number 1 (Lavender Mist) [Painting]. Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art. 1976.37.1.  https://www.wikiart.org/en/jackson-pollock/number-1-lavender-mist-1950-1.

Raguenet, J-B. (1763). A View of Paris from the Pont Neuf [Painting]. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Museum, ID 71.PA.26.  http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/581/jean-baptiste-raguenet-a-view-of-paris-from-the-pont-neuf-french-1763/.

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Rothko, M. (1964). Untitled (Black, Red over Black on Red) [Painting]. Paris, France: Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou. Accession Number AM 2007-126.  https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/AWSS35953_35953_30943855.

Rothko, M. [Article]. (2015). In I. Chilvers & J. Glaves-Smith (Ed.s), A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Oxford University Press.  https://www-oxfordreference-com.ezproxy.bethel.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780191792229.001.0001/acref-9780191792229-e-2338?rskey=ptKSEO&result=6.

Stevens, W. (1937). “The Man with the Blue Guitar.” Poetry, Vol. 50, No. 2 (May, 1937), pp. 61-69.  https://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88v/blueguitar.html.

Surrealism. (2004). [Article]. In I. Chilvers (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Art.  Oxford University Press.  http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.bethel.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780198604761.001.0001/acref-9780198604761-e-3405.

Van Vechten, C. (1939). Portrait of Salvador Dali [Photograph]. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, LOT 12735.  https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvador_Dal%C3%AD_1939.jpg.

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Encounters With the Arts: Readings for ARTC150 Copyright © 2020 by Dr. Mark Thorson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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